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II. PROGRAMMED UNIT: EXPORTING

1. Study the words. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

packaging
Insurance
payment
damage
to ship, a shipping company
to arrange (shipping, delivery, loading...)
against loss (damage, burglary...)
on the terms of
to agree (to, on, with), agreement
freight (cargo), freight rates (coats)
to load
handling charges (coals)
currency
to encourage trade
to finance
incentive
tax relief (advantage)
to earn, earning

2. Find the definitions (In the right column) of the given words (In the left column).
packaging coals (charges)
export credit
insurance
freight (cargo)
handling charges
tax relief
    
•    a cover against loss or damage of goods in transit
•    goods In transit
•    payment for packing goods;
•    money borrowed fr om banks to finance exporting
•    money paid for loading and unloading goods
•    smaller tax paid on money earned abroad


3. Study the text end and the English equivalents.

1.... есть много проблем, которые необходимо принять во внимание ...
2.... чтобы защитить от повреждений ...
3. ...транспортировка должна быть организована…
4.... в зависимости от условий ...
5.... плата за упаковку ...
6. ... правительство стимулирует экспортную торговлю, оказывая помощь и создавая стимулы для экспортеров…
7.... правительство несет потери ...:
8.... компания платит за ...

When a company exports goods abroad there are many problems. It must consider, e.g. packaging, transportation, insurance and payment. First the goods must be packed carefully in containers to protect them from damage. The containers (or crates) must be labeled clearly to show wh ere they are going. The label may also show what the crates/containers contain.
Goods can be transported by sea or by air, by a shipping company or by an airline. If the goods are shipped, then transportation must be arranged from the factory to the docks (or quay). This can either be by road in trucks (or lorries) or by rail. The shipment must be insured (covered) against loss or damage in transit (while it is being transported). Sometimes the exporter takes out insurance and sometimes the importer insures the shipment depending on the terms of their agreement. If the goods are damaged in transit the company is covered by the insurance.
      Obviously someone has to pay for all these things. While goods are in transit they are called freight (or cargo), so the company pays freight rates (or shipping costs) to the shipping company, or if the goods are being transported by air, to the airline. The cargo is loaded at the docks, or at the airport, and for this the company pays handling charges. Also the company must pay packaging charge/costs.
Exporting brings foreign currency into the countries, so governments encourage export trade by giving assistance and incentives to exporters. Often companies borrow money from banks to finance exporting. This money is called export credit. A government department called the E. С. G. D. (Export, Credit, Guidance Department) gives a guarantee to the bank. This guarantee means the government carries the loss if the foreign buyer does not pay. It is a
kind of insurance cover for the bank and the export/exporting company. Another form of government assistance or incentive is tax relief or tax advantages. Every company must pay a proportion of its earnings to the government in the form of tax. Tax relief means that exporters pay less tax on money earned abroad.

4. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1.    What are the problems to consider incase of exporting goods?
2.    Why are the goods to be packed carefully?
3.    How can goods be transported?
4.    Why does the company insure its goods in transit?
5.    Do governments encourage exporting goods? Why?
6.    Who finances exporting?
7.    What assistance and incentives do governments give to exporters?

5. Translate this text Into English.

Если компания продает товары за рубеж, она является экспортером. Товары упаковываются в контейнеры, маркируются и транспортируются либо морем, либо по воздуху. Иногда товары отправляются по железной дороге. Так как в пути товары могут быть повреждены или потеряны, компания страхует их. За перевозку товаров компания оплачивает перевозчику стоимость перевозки. В стоимость перевозки может входить
оплата погрузки/разгрузки товара, а также оплата упаковки. Правительство поощряет и финансирует экспорт товаров. Стимулом для экспортеров являются кредитование экспорта банком, а также предоставление налоговых льгот.