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ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING
The architect usually begins to work when the site type and cost of a building have been determined.
Planning the environment. The natural environment is at once a hindrance and a help, and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and to repel its attacks. To make buildings habitable and comfortable, he must control the effects of heat, cold, light, air, moisture, and dryness and foresee destructive potentialities such as fire, earthquake, flood, and disease.
The placement and form of buildings in relation to their sites, the distribution of spaces within buildings, and other planning devices discussed below are fundamental elements in the aesthetics of architecture.
Orientation. The arrangement of the axes of buildings and their parts is a device for controlling the effects of sun, wind and rainfall.
Within buildings, the axis and placement of each space determine the amount of sun it receives. Orientation may control air for circulation and reduce the disadvantages of wind, rain and snow.
The characteristics of the immediate environment also influence orientation: trees, land formation and other buildings create shade and reduce or intensify wind, while bodies of water produce moisture and reflect the sun.
Architectural forms. Planning may control the environment by the design of architectural forms that may modify the effects of natural forces.
Colour. Colour has a practical planning function as well as an expressive quality because of the range of its reflection and its absorption of solar rays. Since light colours reflect heat and dark colours absorb it, the choice of materials and pigments is an effective tool of environmental control.
Materials and techniques. The choice of materials is conditioned by their own ability to withstand the environment as well as by properties that make them useful to human beings. One of the architect's jobs is to find a successful solution to both conditions; to balance the physical and economic advantages of wood against the possibility of fire, termites, and mold, the weather resistance of glass and light metals against their high thermal conductivity, and many similar conflicts.
Exercises
1. Give the English equivalents.
отразить атаку;
пригодный для жилья;
расположение, положение;
результаты воздействия солнца, ветра и дождя;
создавать влажность и отражать солнце;
важное (эффективное) средство контроля;
выбор материалов для строительства;
способность противостоять воздействиям окружающей среды;
сопоставить … с …;
теплопроводность.
2. Make up all possible types of questions on the given sentence: a) general, b) alternative, c) disjunctive, d) special questions and e) question to the subject.
Louisa has got a very interesting job.
3. Choose the correct variant and translate the sentences.
1. There isn't ... sense in what you suggest.
A. many    C. few
B. much    D. a few
2. Can you explain why you ... this mistake again?
A. do    C. make
B. has    D. have made
3. The forecast promises such ... good weather, but I don't believe it.
A. a    C. —
B. an    D. the
4. She thinks he's ... man in the world.
A. a smart    C. smartest
B. a smarter    D. the smartest
5. Nobody knows when it last... in Sri-Lanka.
A. has snowed    C. is snowing
B. snowed    D. will snow
6. Give him a good mark to ... his self-respect.
A. raise    C. get up
B. rise    D. get down
7. You must have as ... sugar as possible. It's bad for you.
A. few    C. little
B. a little    D. a few
8. Would you like ... sweet?
A. other    C.  others
B. another    D. the others
9. Where's ... bag? It's gone.
A. a    C. —
B. an    D. the
10. She ... in the sun too long and got burnt.
A. has laid    C. is lying
B. has been lying       D. lay
11.Look at ... ear-rings! Do you like them?
A. a    C. —
B. an    D. the
12. Who can tell me where ... ?
A. is my key    C. my key was
B. my key is    D. my key had been
13. There is no place like ... .
A. house    C. home
B. apartment    D. accommodation
14. The information is top secret, so naturally, everybody is interested in ... .
A. them    C. it
B. they    D. their
15. Save your money but don't put ... in the bank.
A. them    C. they
B. it    D. their
16. One boy hit another ... a ball.
A. with    C. through
B. by    D. for
17. Everyone has to answer for his actions, ... ?
A. hasn't he    C. does he
B. has he    D. doesn't he
18. They looked ... each other in surprise.
A. with    C. for
B. after    D. at
19. I cannot excuse you, unless you ... me what the problem is.
A. say    C. talk
B. speak    D. tell
20. You just ... what you have done!
A. see    C. watch
B. look    D. notice